History H364/H546	DR. SCHNEIDER
History of Medicine and Public Health	M W 10:30-11:45 Spring 2008

SYLLABUS
http://www.iupui.edu/~histwhs/h364.dir/H364.syl.html

Notes and announcements

The following syllabus is correct as of April 14, 2008. This syllabus is subject to changes which will be announced in class. Please report any links that do not work.

Course overview:

This course is a survey of the history of medicine, focusing on the period since 1800. It examines the emergence of what is commonly referred to as modern, Western, or scientific medicine. In sum, this is the medicine practiced in U.S. hospitals today. This is a broad survey, hence it is not the story of inevitable progress. The social and economic influences as well as their impact are also part of what is studied.

The first half of the course covers the background leading to and key developments in the nineteenth century. This was a crucial period in the formation of modern medicine and includes new definitions of disease and diagnosis, the discovery of anesthesia and antisepsis, and the emergence of the two pillars of modern medicince: the university based medical school and the modern hospital. The second part looks at the twentieth century, a period of additional change and increasing complexity. Topics include tropical (global) medicine, war and medicine, the development of "miracle" drugs, and public health. The course concludes with a look at selected examples of developments after 1950, a time characterized as the rise and fall of the "golden age" of medicine.

Required Textbook:

Roy Porter, Greatest Benefit to Mankind (New York: Norton, 1997), $17.95 paper
Rothman, et al., Medicine and Western Civilization (Rutgers: Rutgers University Press, 1995)

Supplemental Readings:

Other readings listed below are either available on the web or on electronic course reserves. Click here for access or go to the University Library home page. Click on "Electronic Reserves & Reserves Pages," and type in h364 for the course number. The Password for the course is HISTH364. The ERROL readings are listed alphabetically by the title of the reading.

Note: Some of the readings on the web require you to give your IUPUI userid and password.

Additional Readings:

The history of medicine is a vast subject for which this course offers only an introduction. Click here for a list of additional readings on the topics of each class.

Other Resources:

Other books (recommended for general background or supplemental reading):

Some History of Medicine Web resources

PubMed: The field of medicine has the oldest and most complete database of publications of any field of research. It was begun at the end of the 19th century and since the 1960s includes works in the history of medicine. This database, Index Medicus, has been in electronic form since 1964 and is maintained by the National Library of Medicine.

Click here to try the on-line version of the Index Catalog of medical publications before 1964.

On-line journals:

For journals available through University Library click here

For on-line journals available through the Medical Library click here. Both require your IUPUI userid and password.

Two convenient collections of online journals in the humanities are:
JSTOR (over 700 journals online, see History and History of Science)
Project Muse (mainly journals published by university presses)

IUCAT (The Medical Library holdings are denoted by IM.) All journals in the Medical Library are shelved under title, except for volumes before the 1960s. Check with a reference librarian on how to locate these older volumes.

Web sites with reference materials in the history of medicine are at

National Library of Medicine: the on-line catalog of the most comprehensive medical library in the world and best database of medical books.

History of Biomedicine (Carolinska Institut Stockholm): excellent comprehensive list of reference materials and links to on-line resources about the history of medicine.

History of Medicine Division of the National Library of Medicine (see especially its image database)

MedHist: a guide to history of medicine resources on the Internet maintained by the Wellcome History of Medicine Library in London

History of Women and Science, Health, and Technology: a Bibliographic Guide to the Professions and the Disciplines

Other historical and medical reference sites:

Historical Abstracts/American History and Life : An excellent database of articles (citations, not full-text) on all historical subjects; requires IUPUI userid and password.

Who Named It? a comprehensive dictionary and encyclopedia about the origin of medical terms. Self described as " It is our ambition to present a complete survey of all medical phenomena named for a person, with a biography of that person."

ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2001) The full text of the New York Times, searchable by key words, dates, etc. [Note: requires login with student ID and Password]

Google Books: quickest search of books published in the U.S., including a number of older books which have been digitized by Google and are accessible online.

Course Requirements H364 (undergraduate)

1) Class and readings

This class meets weekly and consists primarily of lecure, reading and discussion. The readings are listed below

All required readings are to be read by all students. Some additional readings are listed for graduate students.

The study questions are meant to help focus on the main points of the readings, usually from the Porter text.

The Rothman reader has documents from the history of medicine. In reading these and additional documents from the web, the main questions to answer are: when and where was the document written, by whom, for whom, and what is its significance for the history of medicine?

2) Assignments

There will be occasional assignments to hand in, including

two short (2-3 page) take-home essay assignments due as indicated below:

Jan. 23 The emergence of Western Scientific medicine

Mar 3 Medical education in the U.S. in the twentieth century

There will also be a medium length (6-8 page) paper due two weeks before the end of the semester.

Apr 23 medium length paper due

Click here for more information about the paper assignment. The following is useful information about format of notes for papers.

3) Exams

The midterm and final exams are designed to gauge your understanding of the reading assignments and the materials covered in class.  You are responsible for all the information in the reading assignments; therefore, you should take good notes while you read. Class will provide background, amnswer questions, and help highlight the more important parts of the readings. You are responsible for everything mentioned in the classroom even if you have an excused absence.  Consequently, you should get notes from a fellow student if you miss class. 

If you miss the midterm exam due to illness or other serious conflicts, it is your responsibility to contact the professor as soon as possible to schedule a make-up.  No make-up exams will be given after the exams have been returned to the class (typically within two weeks of the original exam).  There is no make-up exam for the final.

4) Determination of grade

The relative weight of these assignments and exams in determining the final grade will be as follows:

Undergraduate student grade:

25%	Midterm
20%	Class grade (includes the take home essays and other assignments)
25%	Medium-length (6-8 pp.) paper
30%	Final exam

Note: undergraduate History majors and graduate students may count this course as either a European or American History course for their requirements, depending on their paper topic. See the instructor about making arrangments.

5) Class policies

Attendance in class is essential for success in this course. If you miss a class, you must contact the instructor before the next class meeting. Two consecutive unexcused absences will be reported to the university administration for determination of possible unofficial withdrawal.

Late papers, if accepted, may be subject to a grade reduction penalty.

Be sure you understand the school's policy on plagiarism (copying) or cheating. See IU Code of Student Rights, Responsibilities, and Conduct Part 3, Section A Number 3 for further definition. Those guilty of it will be dealt with in accordance with the regulations spelled out in the code.

Graduate Requirements H546 (graduate)

Graduate students, in addition to performing at a higher level than undergraduates on the above assignments, will be required to write take-home essays of longer length.

They will also be required to write an additional short paper (5 pages) on the discovery and application of x-rays (click here for instructions), and they will write a term paper instead of a medium length paper and final exam. The relative weight of these assignments and exams in determining the final grade of graduate students will be as follows:

Graduate student grade:

25%	Midterm
30%	Class grade (includes the take home essays, short paper and other assignments)
50%	Term paper

Information about determination of overall grade will be provided at a meeting with graduate students. Note: This semester there is an opportunity for graduate students to complete all class work during the month of February. See the instructor for details.

IMPORTANT NOTE:

The time and relative weight of these assignments may be changed during the term. If so, they will be announced in advance during class and be incorporated in the syllabus on-line. Be sure to check the syllabus on-line at least weekly (better, before every class) for any changes or announcements.

To contact the instructor outside of class:

Date Topic and Reading (note: highlighted text are www links for readings or more info.)

Jan 7

Introduction: Overview

Note: Classs will meet in the assigned room, BS 2004, for the first part of class, then it will move to the Medical Library, 975 West Walnut Street, IB 100 (|274-7182) for the second part of class.

Directions to the Medical Library from Cavanaugh Hall:
• From Michigan Street, go north on University Boulevard 
• Pass by University Hospital and turn left at Walnut Street.  (Note: there is a parking garage with meter parking on the left after you turn on West Walnut Street.   
• The Medical Library is inside the Medical Research building which is the 6 glass towers just ahead on the left (south) side of Walnut street. 

Required reading:
Porter, 3-13
Rothman, 1-10, Introduction

[If you are unable to get the books before class, read them right after class because they will also be discussed at the next class.]

Recommended (graduate student) reading:
Barsky, Arthur J. "The paradox of health." New England Journal of Medicine, February 18, 1988, 38(7): 414-418 (available from the online course reserves system of the library)
[If possible, read before class.]

Web links:
Causes of Death.London 1665, U.S. 1997, World, 1998 (Click orig. for original)
World Death Rate according to The Onion

Study Questions

Disease and History: Disease in human history; definition, cause and cure of disease; epidemics

Required reading:
Porter, 14-43 (concentrate on first part to p. 30)

Rothman
Jordan of Turre, "The Symptoms of Lepers (1313-35)," 209-11
Ulrich von Hutten, "On the Beginning of the French Pox (1519)," 212-16

Leviticus, Chapters 13 and 14 "Laws concerning leprosy"

Traditional healing in pre-modern and non-Western cultures

Study Questions

Required reading:

Porter, 83-92; 106-34

Rothman
"The Bible," 263-6,
Asaf Judaeus, "Admonition (a.d. 7th century)," 267-9,
Arnald of Villanova, "On the Precautions that Physicians Must Observe (ca. 1240-1311)," 269-74
Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, "Malleus Maleficarum (ca. 1486)," 274-77

Additional online reading (choose one):
Yin and Yang in Chinese Medical Theory
(For background, read Porter 147-62)

Islamic medicine: Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 28: Medicine (Kitab Al-Tibb) [Read at least the first dozen or so passages to get an idea of healing practices.]
(For background, read Porter 92-105)

Recommended (graduate student) reading:
Boccaccio: The Decameron - Introduction and description of plague (1348)

On the Proper Administration of Blood-Letting, for the Prevention and Cure of Disease, by Henry Clutterbuck, M.D. (London, 1840) (orig.)

Additional web resource:

Bloodletting

Study Questions (for this and the next class)

When did Western medicine begin?

Hand-in assignment: Pick one of the "great names" in Western medicine, the authors of this week's reading, and find two secondary articles about them using the PubMed and/or Historical Abstracts databases. Just print the references and bring them to class. (Click here for format.) Read one if you can before class.

Required reading:
Porter, 50-62; 73-80; 176-86

Before the Scientific Revolution
Rothman
Hippocrates (460-377 b.c.), "The Nature of Man," "The Sacred Disease," 43-47; 139-44
Galen (a.d. 130-201), "The Hand," 17-22
Andreas Vesalius, "The Fabric of the Human Body (1543)," 54-60

First take-home essay assignment due. Click here for more information about the assignment. The following is useful information about format of notes for papers.

Porter, 201-46

Rothman
William Harvey, "Anatomical Study on the Motion of the Heart... (1628)," 68-78

Outline available on Medicine in 1800

Study Questions

Porter, 245-303 (concentrate on 255-58; 263-71; 274-77; 294-303)

James Lind: A Treatise of the Scurvy, 1753 excerpts (For original click here.)

Rothman
Edward Jenner, "An Inquiry into the Causes of the Variolae Vaccinae, or Cow-pox, (1798)" 299-309

Thomas Jefferson on medicine in 1800
letter to William Green Munford, 1799 (orig.)
letter to Caspar Wistar , 1807 (orig.)

Study Questions

Outline available on 19th Century Diagnosis of Disease

Powerpoint slides (compressed and abbreviated)

Required reading:
Porter, 304-47

Rothman
R.T.H. Laennec, "A Treatise on the Diseases of the Chest and on Mediate Auscultation (1818)," 310-13
Michel Foucault, "The Birth of the Clinic (1963)," 376-82

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, "On a New Kind of Rays," read before the Würzburg Physical and Medical Society, 1895. [Translated by Arthur Stanton, Nature 53, 274 (1896).] (orig.) [Note assignment for Feb 13; you should get a head start on it.]

Additional web resource:

The Visible Human Project at the National Library of Medicine

Study Questions

Required reading:
Porter, 360-74 (for both Feb 4 and 6, for Feb 4 focus on 368-74

Rothman
Ignacz Semmelweis, "The Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever (1861)," 240-46
Joseph Lister, "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery (1867)," 247-52

NOTE: Class today will meet at the
Indiana Medical History Museum
3045 W. Vermont Street
For directions from campus, click here; and for a map, vist the museum website.

Study Questions
Outline available on 19th Century Surgery

Required reading:
Porter, 360-74; 597-627 (skim)

Rothman
Frances Burney, "A Mastectomy (1811)," 383-89
James young Simpson, "Answer to the Religious Objections Advanced against the Employment of Anesthetic Agents in Midwifery and Surgery (1849)," 398-401

Additional web resource: Relief of Pain and Suffering, exhibit at UCLA March 1998

Pain Alleviation and "Anesthesia" 19th Century and Earlier
The Anesthesia Revolution of the1800s Early Experiments with Surgical Anesthesia

Study Questions
Outline available on Nursing and Hospitals

Required reading:
Porter, 375-88

Rothman
Battista Piergilius, "The Life of Sister Chiara of Montefalco (1663)," 37-40"
Dorothea L. Dix, "On Behalf of the Insane Poor, (1843),"352-59

Description of Sairy Gamp, nurse and midwife
from Charles Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844)

Florence Nightingale and Mary Seacole: Read and compare these two careers in nursing. For more details, see articles below in recommended reading.

Recommended (graduate student) reading:

"Florence Nightingale: obituary in London Times, (orig.)

Article on Mary Seacole, History Today, 55 (2005), 9-15.

Hand-in assignment: Find one secondary article and one primary article about Roentgen's discovery using the PubMed and/or Historical Abstracts databases. You may also use the ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times (1851-2001), which gives access to the full text of the New York Times, searchable by key words, dates, etc. [Note: requires login with student ID and Password]. Print the references and bring them to class. (Click here for format.)

Graduate students will use these for the paper assignment due this date. Click here for information about the paper.

Rothman
Massachusetts General Hospital,"By-Laws, Rules and Regulations (1861)," 365-67

Timeline of 20th Century History and Medicine

Study Questions

Disease Discoveries 1876-1910

Required reading:
Porter, 428-48

Rothman
Louis Pasteur,"On the Extension of the Germ Theory to the Etiology of Certain Common Diseases (1880),"253-57,
Robert Koch, "The Aetiology of Tuberculosis (1882),"319-29
Florence Nightingale, "Notes on Hospitals (1859)," 360-64

Tropical medicine

Study Questions

Porter, 462-92

Myron Echenburg, "Pestis Redux: The Intial Years of the Third Bubonic Plague Pandemic, 1891-1901," Journal of World History, 13 (2002), 429-49 (available online at University Library, Electronic Journal List; contact instructor if you have problems locating article.)

Study Questions

Outline of U.S. Medical Education reform

Required reading:
Porter, 348-59; 525-34 (skim 534-96)

Rothman
Philippe Pinel, "The Clinical Training of Doctors, (1793)" 343-51
Mary Jacobi, "Do Women Require Mental and Bodily Rest during Menstruation? (1886)" 97-102
Elizabeth Blackwell, "The Influence of Women in the Profession of Medicine, (1890)"282-87,
Sara Lawrence Lightfoot, "Balm in Gilead: Journey of a Healer, (1988)" 290-95

Arthur Conan Doyle, "The Doctors of Hoyland" (from Round the Red Lamp, 1894) (Click here for original)

Assignment due: Medical education in the U.S. in the twentieth century

Visit the second floor landing above the Medical Library (on the way to the Clarian People Mover) and examine the class pictures from the IU School of Medicine since its beginning in 1903. Write a 2-3 page paper indicating what conclusions can you draw from this about medical education in the U.S. in the twentieth century.

Required reading for essay:

For background, read Kenneth Ludmerer, Learning to Heal (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1985), 3-8 (available from the online ERROL system of the library).

Students must also find one additional secondary source on the history of medical education in the U.S. in the twentieth century.

Recommended reading:

Walter J. Daly, "The Origins of President Bryan's Medical School," Indiana Magazine of History, 97 (2002), 266-84 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

See also the following timeline: Medical Schools in Indiana

Letters to Indiana University President William Loeb Bryan (1906-1934) (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

Indiana State Board of Medical Registration and Examination (1906)
Burton D. Myers to Bryan (1909-1915)
Charles P. Emerson to Bryan (1920-1922)
Emerson to Bryan (1923-1934)

Study Questions

Porter, 397-427

Rothman
Edwin Chadwick, "Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain(1842), " 217-39

Pinkney, David H., "Napoleon III's Transformation of Paris: The Origins and Development of the Idea," Journal of Modern History 1955 27(2): 125-134 (available online at University Library, Electronic Journal List; contact instructor if you have problems locating article; only available in JSTOR database)

Study Questions

Porter, 628-39

James Colgrove, "The McKeown Thesis: A Historical Controversy and Its Enduring Influence," American Journal of Public Health (May 2002),Vol 92, No. 5: 725-29 (available online at University Library, Electronic Journal List; contact instructor if you have problems locating article)

Elmore JG, Feinstein AR., "Joseph Goldberger: an unsung hero of American clinical epidemiology," Ann Intern Med. 1994 Sep 1;121(5):372-5 (original)

Additional web resource:

Water filtration and typhoid fever death rates

Recent statistics on world health and income (or view a lecture by Hans Rosling)

Study Questions

Required reading:
Porter, 639-42; 648-52

Pernick, Martin S. "Eugenics and public health in American history." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1767-1772 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library, see Supplemental Readings above for instructions)

Alexandra Stern, "“We Cannot Make a Silk Purse out of a Sow’s Ear”: Eugenics in the Hoosier Heartland, 1900-1960 ," Indiana Magazine of History, 103 (2007), 3-38 (original)

Additional web resource:

Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement
Recent article on history of eugenics in Georgia (Note the comments at the end.)

Miracle Drugs

Study Questions

Required reading:
Porter, 448-61

Three "miracle" drugs: insulin, penicillin, and streptomycin

G. W. Manning, "Experimental History - The Discovery of Insulin" (1980)

Presentation speech for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1945, to Sir Alexander Fleming, Doctor Ernst B. Chain, and Sir Howard Florey

Presentation speech for Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1952 to Selman Waksman

Study Questions

Required reading:
John Keegan, "Introduction," A History of Military Medicine, Richard A. Gabriel and Karen S. Metz (1994), vol 1: xi-xiii (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library, see Supplemental Readings above for instructions)

"Foreward", and Chester S. Keefer, "Part 9: Penicillin: A Wartime Achievement," in Advances in Military Medicine, eds. E.C. Andrus et al. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1948), 1:xli-xlviii; 2: 717-22 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

Recommended (graduate student) reading:

Roger Cooter, "War and Modern Medicine," in Bynum and Porter, Companion Encyclopedia of History of Medicine (1993), 1536-73 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

Additional web resource:

World War I: The medical Front
U.S. Army Medical Department in WWII

Study Questions

Trends after 1945: the rise of the "Golden Age" of medicine

Required reading:

Burnham, John C. "American medicine's golden age: What happened to it?" Science, 215 (March 19, 1982), 1474-79 (available online from the library; click on "browse" to find back issues.)

Additional web resource:
"The Lifesaving Century" (Indianapolis Star, April 25, 1999)

Study Questions

Porter, 668-86

Rothman
George Orwell, "How the Poor Die(1946)," 368-75
Jean Stafford, "The Interior Castle(1946)," 406-16

Study Questions

Porter, 642-48; 652-67

Ronald L. Numbers, “The Third Party: Health Insurance in America,” in Sickness and Health in America, ed. by Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (3rd ed.; Madison, Wis., 1997), 269-83 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

Additional web resource:

-Important dates in the history of health insurance
-Aaron Carroll, "Support for National Health Insurance among U.S. Physicians: 5 Years Later," Annals of Internal Medicine, 148 (2008), 566-7 (click here for advances copy)

-Carroll, "National Health Insurance: facts not rhetoric" class presentation

Study Questions

Required reading:

Porter, 618-23; 650-52

Rothman
Pius XXII, "The prolongation of Life (1958)," 417-420
"A Definition of Irreversible Coma (1968)," 421-25

Study Questions

Rothman
Zora Neale Hurston, "My Most Humiliating Jim Crow Experience (1944)," 288-89

"Hearings before the Senate Subcommittee on Health (1973),"330-40

Brandt AM (1978) Racism and Research: The case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The Hastings Center 8:21-29 (available from the online electronic course reserves system of the library)

Study Questions

Required reading:

Porter, 389-96; 686-709

JAMA editorial, "Alternative Medicine Meets Science," 280:1618-19 (Nov. 11, 1998) (click here for original in Ovid database.)

"Unconventional Medicine in the United States -- Prevalence, Costs, and Patterns of Use," David M. Eisenberg, et al. New England Journal of medicine, 328:246-252 (January 28, 1993) (click here for original in Ovid database.)

Paper due: Click here for more information about paper assignment.