William Blake (1757 -
1827)
Blake was a poet, painter, and engraver who wrote, illustrated, and published
his own texts, such as Songs of Innocence and Experience (1789), of which no
more than twenty-three copies are known to exist. Blake never intended the
book for mass production. Each copy was apparently executed at a different
time, when a customer had commissioned it. No two copies are identical,
there being many differences in the coloring. Blake undoubtedly knew the
poetry of Issac Watts, and children representing a religious response to the
world are common in his poems. Blake, however, departed utterly from the
moralistic conventions of almost all eighteenth-century versifiers for children,
and from the poetic fashions of his day. His books are not so much written
for children (the Blakes had none of their own) as they are attempts to see the
world through childlike visionary eyes. Although in this and in his later
work he anticipated the Romantic Movement, he was virtually unknown to the
children of his day. Blake's watercolor illustrations for Bunyan's The
Pilgrim's Progress were not published in his lifetime, but were reproduced in a
Limited Editions Club version in 1941. Bunyan's allegory means so many
different things to so many different people that it has been exceedingly hard
to illustrate. Although it has been illustrated hundreds of times, no
definitive illustrations exist: "We await the day when a serious
artist who knows and loves the text will succeed in illustrating it to more than
a handful of admirers' satisfaction (Mahoney)."
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Blake was certainly a
serious artist, and he did know and love the text. Blake chooses to
illuminate crucial moments in Christian's journey in his own visionary style.
Here Blake represents the portal to House Beautiful, which serves as a
resting place for weary pilgrims. Christian may enter if he keeps to the
middle path between the lions that are there to test his faith. The lions
are chained but Christian does not notice this fact.
Here Blake represents an episode in the text that children, who tend to overlook the didactic message, evidently loved: the struggle in the Valley of Humiliation with the foul fiend Apollyon who tries to get Christian to turn back In Bunyan's text Apollyon is described a having a body covered with scales, like a fish, wings like a dragon, feet like a bear, the mouth of a lion, and fire and smoke breathing out of his nostrils.